Japanese Basic Grammar Notes
1. Judgment Sentences and Question Sentences
1.1 Basic Structure of Noun Judgment Sentences
Affirmative Form
Sentence Pattern: NounAはNounBです。
Meaning: A is B.
Example:
- わたしは学生です。(I am a student.)
Negative Form
Sentence Pattern: NounAはNounBでは ありません。 (formal) / NounAはNounBじゃ ありません。 (casual)
Meaning: A is not B.
Example:
- わたしは先生では ありません。(I am not a teacher.)
- これは本じゃ ありません。(This is not a book.)
1.2 Question Sentences and Response Patterns
Sentence Pattern: NounAはNounBですか。
Response Patterns:
- Affirmative:
はい、そうです。(Yes, that’s correct.) - Negative:
いいえ、ちがいます。(No, that’s not right.)- Can add clarification:
NounAはNounCです。(A is C.)
- Can add clarification:
Example:
Q: それはペンですか?(Is that a pen?)
A1: はい、そうです。(Yes, it is.)
A2: いいえ、ちがいます。それはボールペンです。(No, it isn’t. That is a ballpoint pen.)
1.3 Interrogative Word「何(なん)」
Sentence Pattern: NounAは何ですか?
Meaning: What is A?
Example:
Q: これは何ですか?(What is this?)
A: それはノートです。(That is a notebook.)
2. Demonstrative Pronouns(これ/それ/あれ)
2.1 Usage Differences (Based on Distance)
| Pronoun | Position of Referent | Chinese Equivalent |
|---|---|---|
| これ | Near the speaker | This, this one |
| それ | Near the listener | That, that one |
| あれ | Far from both | That, that one (far form) |
2.2 Basic Question Patterns
- これは何ですか?(What is this?)
- それは何ですか?(What is that?)
- あれは何ですか?(What is that? [pointing to something far])
2.3 Pronoun Conversion Rules in Q&A
Rule: When answering, convert the pronoun based on the distance between the responder and the object.
Example:
Q (Speaker): これは本ですか?(Is this a book?)
A (Listener): はい、それは本です。(Yes, that is a book.)
Explanation: The questioner uses “これ” to refer to something near themselves. The responder uses “それ” to refer to something near the questioner (i.e., slightly farther from themselves).
3. Existence Sentences(あります/います)
1. Differences in Existence Verbs
| Verb | Used For | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| あります | Inanimate objects, plants, locations, etc. | Exist, be (for non-living things) |
| います | People, animals, and other living things | Exist, be (for living things) |
2. Expressing Location of Existence
Sentence Pattern: NounAは Placeに あります/います。
Meaning: A is at some place.
Example:
- 本は机の上にあります。(The book is on the desk.)
- 猫は部屋にいます。(The cat is in the room.)
3. Asking About Location
Sentence Pattern: NounAは どこに ありますか/いますか?
Meaning: Where is A?
Example:
- トイレはどこに ありますか?(Where is the bathroom?)
- 先生はどこに いますか?(Where is the teacher?)