Japanese Basic Grammar Notes

1. Judgment Sentences and Question Sentences

1.1 Basic Structure of Noun Judgment Sentences

Affirmative Form

Sentence Pattern: NounAはNounBです。
Meaning: A is B.

Example:

  • わたしは学生です。(I am a student.)

Negative Form

Sentence Pattern: NounAはNounBでは ありません。 (formal) / NounAはNounBじゃ ありません。 (casual)
Meaning: A is not B.

Example:

  • わたしは先生では ありません。(I am not a teacher.)
  • これは本じゃ ありません。(This is not a book.)

1.2 Question Sentences and Response Patterns

Sentence Pattern: NounAはNounBですか。
Response Patterns:

  • Affirmative: はい、そうです。(Yes, that’s correct.)
  • Negative: いいえ、ちがいます。(No, that’s not right.)
    • Can add clarification: NounAはNounCです。(A is C.)

Example:

Q: それはペンですか?(Is that a pen?)
A1: はい、そうです。(Yes, it is.)
A2: いいえ、ちがいます。それはボールペンです。(No, it isn’t. That is a ballpoint pen.)

1.3 Interrogative Word「何(なん)」

Sentence Pattern: NounAは何ですか?
Meaning: What is A?

Example:

Q: これは何ですか?(What is this?)
A: それはノートです。(That is a notebook.)


2. Demonstrative Pronouns(これ/それ/あれ)

2.1 Usage Differences (Based on Distance)

PronounPosition of ReferentChinese Equivalent
これNear the speakerThis, this one
それNear the listenerThat, that one
あれFar from bothThat, that one (far form)

2.2 Basic Question Patterns

  • これは何ですか?(What is this?)
  • それは何ですか?(What is that?)
  • あれは何ですか?(What is that? [pointing to something far])

2.3 Pronoun Conversion Rules in Q&A

Rule: When answering, convert the pronoun based on the distance between the responder and the object.

Example:

Q (Speaker): これは本ですか?(Is this a book?)
A (Listener): はい、それは本です。(Yes, that is a book.)

Explanation: The questioner uses “これ” to refer to something near themselves. The responder uses “それ” to refer to something near the questioner (i.e., slightly farther from themselves).


3. Existence Sentences(あります/います)

1. Differences in Existence Verbs

VerbUsed ForMeaning
ありますInanimate objects, plants, locations, etc.Exist, be (for non-living things)
いますPeople, animals, and other living thingsExist, be (for living things)

2. Expressing Location of Existence

Sentence Pattern: NounAは Placeに あります/います。
Meaning: A is at some place.

Example:

  • 本は机の上にあります。(The book is on the desk.)
  • 猫は部屋にいます。(The cat is in the room.)

3. Asking About Location

Sentence Pattern: NounAは どこに ありますか/いますか?
Meaning: Where is A?

Example:

  • トイレはどこに ありますか?(Where is the bathroom?)
  • 先生はどこに いますか?(Where is the teacher?)